For speeding up Docker, there is a layer caching device (not free). Or you can build it yourself using a Docker registry - it’s been discussed here a few times.
Edit
I posted about this subject here. It does not use path detection; the idea here is that your Docker builds are sped up to such a degree that path detection is unnecessary.
I think path detection has been discussed. Search for “monorepo” in this forum to see some ideas on that. There is no out-of-the-box support for it, but as with all CI systems, something custom can surely be implemented.